This command will compare the installed versions with those available in the repository catalogue and upgrade them from the repository.
Software vulnerabilities are regularly discovered in third-party applications. To address this, pkg includes a built-in auditing mechanism.
To determine if there are any known vulnerabilities for the software installed on the system, run:. Removing a package may leave behind dependencies which are no longer required. Unneeded packages that were installed as dependencies leaf packages can be automatically detected and removed using:.
Packages installed as dependencies are called automatic packages. Non-automatic packages, i. There are many others that can be used to query the package database of the system. For instance, command pkg prime-origins can be used to get the origin port directory of the list mentioned above:.
Once a package is a leaf package and is marked as automatic, it gets selected by pkg autoremove. Unlike the traditional package management system, pkg includes its own package database backup mechanism.
This functionality is enabled by default. If restoring a backup taken by the periodic script, it must be decompressed prior to being restored. Only copies of the latest installed packages are kept. Older versions of pkg kept all previous packages. To remove these outdated binary packages, run:.
To address this, pkg has a built-in command to update package origins. When changing package origins, it is important to reinstall packages that are dependent on the package with the modified origin. To force a reinstallation of dependent packages, run:. The Ports Collection is a set of Makefile s, patches, and description files. Each set of these files is used to compile and install an individual application on FreeBSD, and is called a port.
Before installing and using the Ports Collection, please be aware that it is generally ill-advised to use the Ports Collection in conjunction with the binary packages provided via pkg to install software.
Dependencies could be different for a port in HEAD compared to its counterpart in a quarterly branch release and this could result in conflicts between dependencies installed by pkg and those from the Ports Collection. If the Ports Collection and pkg must be used in conjunction, then be sure that your Ports Collection and pkg are on the same branch release of the ports tree. The Ports Collection contains directories for software categories.
Inside each category are subdirectories for individual applications. Each application subdirectory contains a set of files that tells FreeBSD how to compile and install that program, called a ports skeleton. Each port skeleton includes these files and directories:. Makefile : contains statements that specify how the application should be compiled and where its components should be installed.
This directory may also contain other files used to build the port. It also tells the ports system which files to remove upon deinstallation. Some ports include pkg-message or other files to handle special situations. The port does not include the actual source code, also known as a distfile. Before an application can be compiled using a port, the Ports Collection must first be installed.
If it was not installed during the installation of FreeBSD, use one of the following methods to install it:. The key is used to verify the integrity of all downloaded files. Note that Portsnap updates are generated from a snapshot of the main branch of the Ports Collection and cannot be configured to use a different branch for example, quarterly. If it is necessary to use a different branch of the Ports Collection for instance as referenced earlier in conjunction with binary packages , then the Git method must be used.
When using fetch , the extract or the update operation may be run consecutively, like so:. Refer to the Git Primer for a detailed description of Git. Git must be installed before it can be used to check out the ports tree. If a copy of the ports tree is already present, install Git like this:.
If the ports tree is not available, or pkg is being used to manage packages, Git can be installed as a package:. This section provides basic instructions on using the Ports Collection to install or remove software. The detailed description of available make targets and environment variables is available in ports 7. Before compiling any port, be sure to update the Ports Collection as described in the previous section.
Alternately, run pkg audit -F before installing a new port. This command can be configured to automatically perform a security audit and an update of the vulnerability database during the daily security system check.
For more information, refer to pkg-audit 8 and periodic 8. Using the Ports Collection assumes a working Internet connection. It also requires superuser privilege. To compile and install the port, change to the directory of the port to be installed, then type make install at the prompt.
Messages will indicate the progress:. Since lsof is a program that runs with increased privileges, a security warning is displayed as it is installed. Once the installation is complete, the prompt will be returned. Some shells keep a cache of the commands that are available in the directories listed in the PATH environment variable, to speed up lookup operations for the executable file of these commands.
Users of the tcsh shell should type rehash so that a newly installed command can be used without specifying its full path. Use hash -r instead for the sh shell.
Refer to the documentation for the shell for more information. During installation, a working subdirectory is created which contains all the temporary files used during compilation. Removing this directory saves disk space and minimizes the chance of problems later when upgrading to the newer version of the port:.
Some ports provide build options which can be used to enable or disable application components, provide security options, or allow for other customizations. If the port depends upon other ports which have configurable options, it may pause several times for user interaction as the default behavior is to prompt the user to select options from a menu.
To avoid this and do all of the configuration in one batch, run make config-recursive within the port skeleton. Then, run make install [clean] to compile and install the port. When using config-recursive , the list of ports to configure are gathered by the all-depends-list target. It is recommended to run make config-recursive until all dependent ports options have been defined, and ports options screens no longer appear, to be certain that all dependency options have been configured.
One method is to cd into the directory containing the port and type make config. Another option is to use make showconfig. Another option is to execute make rmconfig which will remove all selected options and allow you to start over. All of these options, and others, are explained in great detail in ports 7. The ports system uses fetch 1 to download the source files, which supports various environment variables. See fetch 3 for the complete list of supported variables. Note that if a port has any dependencies, running this command in a category or ports skeleton will not fetch the distfiles of ports from another category.
Instead, use make fetch-recursive to also fetch the distfiles for all the dependencies of a port. When using, specify the alternate location:. For example:. The image uses U-Boot as the bootloader image header at address 0x5AC0 and compressed bootloader image at address 0x5B And based on the image found at the address 0x11CEA5, we can see that the rootfs is a squashfs filesystem.
The U-Boot bootargs environment variable is used to pass parameters to the Linux kernel. The uImage file format is basically the Linux kernel image with an additional header. What could we do with the kernel image? We could for example search for strings in the image to find the Linux kernel version string and learn about the environment used to build the kernel:.
Although the firmware was released last year August as I write this article, it uses an old Linux kernel version 3. With the --opcodes option, we can also use binwalk to search for machine instructions and identify the CPU architecture of the image:.
What about the root filesystem? We can search for configuration files, password hashes, crypto keys, and digital certificates. We can analyze the binaries to find bugs and vulnerabilities. With qemu and chroot , we can even run emulate an executable from the image! But notice that the BusyBox version is 1.
You should upgrade or use an alternative browser. FreeBSD source code: how to locally download it. Thread starter vince66 Start date May 11, Hello guys!!
One of the great things about FreeBSD is that you can take a look at the source code. Thanks in advance. Zirias Son of Beastie Reaction score: 1, Messages: 2, Added missing error ch…. Nov 26, Remove history. Apr 13, Dec 19, Nov 18, Sep 21, Add a basic clang-format configuration file. Jun 7, Jun 4, Dec 31, LOCKS: update current locks.
Jun 9, Remove mips from universe. Oct 4, Dec 5,
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